Wednesday, January 20, 2016

TN SSLC Model Question Papers 2016

TN SSLC Model Question Papers 2016
Are you looking for model question papers of Tamil Nadu SSLC exam ? Below given are the collection model question papers for the year 2016. As the 10th class public exams near the corner, all SSLC students and teachers are searching model question papers and previous years question papers. Here we have compiled all subjects model question papers. There are 5 subjects namely, Tamil, English, Mathematics, Science and Social Science. In Tamil and English, there will be two paper for each. Tamil I and Tamil II Papers as well as English I Paper and English II Paper will be there. So totally seven exams are being conducted for SSLC students. If you are one of them who are going to write public exam, then have some model question papers provided below.

Tamil I Paper Model Question Paper
Tamil II Paper Model Question Paper
English I Paper Model Question Paper
English II Paper Model Question Paper
Mathematics Model Question Paper
Science Model Question Paper
Social Science Model Question Paper

All the best for your exams coming in 2016.


Tuesday, November 10, 2015

Social Science SSLC Karnatak State Board 2008 Question Paper

Social Science SSLC Karnatak State Board 2008 Question Paper
University : Karnatak State Board
SSLC Examinations
Subject : Social Science
Exam Year : 2008

PART – A
Four alternatives are given for each of the following questions / incomplete statements.
Only one of them is correct or most appropriate. Choose the most appropriate alternative and write it in the space provided below each question. 60 x 1 = 60
1. The first printing machine was brought to Goa by
(A) English (B) Portuguese
(C) French (D) Dutch.
Ans :
2. In the year 1758, the English and the French fought war in India, because of
(A) Austrian succession war (B) political instability in India
(C) enhancement of political power (D) Seven years war in Europe.
Ans :
3. The Wodeyar who assumed the title “Navakoti Narayana” was
(A) Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (B) Raja Wodeyar
(C) Doddadevaraja Wodeyar (D) Kantirava Narasaraja Wodeyar.
Ans :
4. ‘Dual Government’ was introduced by
(A) Sir Eyre Coote (B) Robert Clive
(C) Lord Wellesley (D) Lord Dalhousie.
Ans :
5. The place conquered by Portuguese from the Sultan of Bijapur was
(A) Calicut (B) Calcutta
(C) Madras (D) Goa.
Ans :
6. “Chikkadevaraja Binnapam” was written in praise of
(A) Chennakeshava Deva (B) Melukote Cheluvanarayana
(C) Paravasudeva (D) Venkataramana Deva.
Ans :
7. The policy implemented by Lord Wellesley to expand British empire and control the
native States was
(A) the Doctrine of Lapse (B) the Ryotwari system
(C) the Subsidiary Alliance (D) the Zamindari system.
Ans :
8. Bajirao II accepted the Subsidiary Alliance with the English by the treaty of
(A) Bassein (B) Salbai
(C) Purandar (D) Amritsar.
Ans :
9. Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV is called as “the maker of modern Mysore State” because
(A) Mysore achieved great progress
(B) Maharaja could suppress the revolts
(C) he became the ruler of Mysore at an early age
(D) the Bangalore-Mysore railway was inaugurated.
Ans :
10. The dethroned Mughal emperor at the time of the first war of Indian independence
was
(A) Bahadur Shah II (B) Shah Alam
(C) Nana Shah (D) Bahadur Shah.
Ans :
11. The traitor who helped the English to arrest Tantya Tope was
(A) Bahadur Shah (B) Mansingh
(C) Nana Saheb (D) Nawab Wazir Ali.
Ans :
12. As a result of the Sepoy Mutiny
(A) the English granted responsibility to the Indians
(B) India came under direct rule of British Government
(C) the Doctrine of Lapse was introduced
(D) Indians secured fundamental rights.
Ans :
13. The first newspaper of India was
(A) The Hindu (B) The Bengal
(C) Indian Mirror (D) The Bengal Gazette.
Ans :
14. The Land Revenue system which conformed the rights of the cultivator over his land
was
(A) the Mahalwari system (B) the Ryotwari system
(C) the Zamindari system (D) the Land Revenue system.
Ans :
15. The Act which introduced the separate communal electorate was
(A) the Government of India Act, 1919 (B) the Government of India Act, 1858
(C) the Indian Council Act, 1909 (D) the Government of India Act, 1935.
Ans :
16. The draft of the Constitution of India was approved on
(A) November 24th, 1948 (B) November 26th, 1945
(C) November 25th, 1943 (D) November 26th, 1949.
Ans :
17. The Salt Satyagraha in Karnataka was organised at
(A) Udupi (B) Ankola
(C) Dandi (D) Belgaum.
18. “The dictatorship of the proletariat is the only solution to all feudal problems.” This
was advocated by
(A) Lenin (B) Stalin
(C) Karl Marx (D) Gorbachev.
Ans :
19. Which one of the following was not the organ of the League of Nations ?
(A) Trusteeship Council (B) International Labour Organization
(C) International Court of Justice (D) Security Council.
Ans :
20. America entered the First World War because
(A) huge weapons were possessed by America
(B) murder of Austrian crown prince
(C) Germans had sunk Lusitania ship
(D) Japan's attack on Pearl harbour.
Ans :
21. The programme evolved to improve the economic conditions of the countries
destroyed in the Second World War was
(A) Truman Plan (B) Marshall Plan
(C) New Deal (D) Five-Year Plan.
Ans :
22. Hitler : Nazi Party :: Mussolini :
(A) Fascist Party (B) Communist Party
(C) Capitalist Party (D) Socialist Party.
Ans :
23. The terrorist group which attacked World Trade Centre in 2001 is
(A) Al-Qaida (B) LTTE
(C) Mau Mau (D) Hamas.
Ans :
24. The reason for the outbreak of cold war in the world was
(A) U.S.S.R. tested the nuclear bomb
(B) Russia and America exhibited military powers
(C) to seek control over the rest of the world
(D) internal conflicts in America and Russia.
Ans :
25. Communalism is serious challenge to India because it
(A) advocates communist ideas (B) opposes the secular principles
(C) encourages racism (D) spreads illiteracy.
Ans :
26. Success of democracy of a country is dependent on its
(A) prosperity (B) health
(C) education (D) per capita income.
Ans :
27. The programme launched for the development of rural women is
(A) Stree Shakti Scheme (B) Balika Samriddhi Yojana
(C) Swayam Siddha Scheme (D) Bhagyalakshmi Scheme.
Ans :
28. If the permanent members of the Security Council exercise the veto power,
(A) international problems will increase
(B) any matter will not get a decision
(C) the member countries will lose their memberships
(D) the rights of member countries can be rejected.
Ans :
29. In spite of its efforts the UNO has failed to solve
(A) Korean problem (B) problem between Hungary and Poland
(C) Vietnam problem (D) Congo problem.
Ans :
30. The first person to condemn racial discrimination and slavery was
(A) George Washington (B) Nelson Mandela
(C) Abraham Lincoln (D) Martin Luther King.
Ans :
31. The Limited Test Ban Treaty has not restricted nuclear test
(A) in open environment (B) under the ground
(C) inside the ocean (D) in space.
Ans :
32. Developing nations are facing serious problems due to
(A) globalization and open market
(B) competition between the powerful countries
(C) lack of natural resources
(D) regional non-cooperation.
Ans :
33. India advocates the use of nuclear power for
(A) war purpose (B) agricultural purpose
(C) industrial purpose (D) peaceful purpose.
Ans :
34. The main purpose of the Biological Weapon Convention of 1975 was
(A) the prohibition of production of biological weapon and stocking
(B) stocking of weapons
(C) collection of biological weapons
(D) prohibition of production of weapons.
Ans :
35. The peninsular plateau is having economic importance because
(A) it contains many hill stations (B) it has plenty of mineral resources
(C) many industries are there (D) climatic conditions are suitable.
Ans :
36. The North Indian Plain is called heart of India because
(A) it occupies central part of India (B) it attracts tourists
(C) 40% of population live here (D) many industries are located here.
Ans :
37. The smallest State of India is
(A) Goa (B) Haryana
(C) Kerala (D) Delhi.
Ans :
38. India is called ‘a subcontinent’ because
(A) it is peninsula
(B) of diversities in climate, natural vegetation and diversity among people
(C) it is in southern part of Asia
(D) it is the seventh largest country in the world.
Ans :
39. The pre-monsoon showers that occur in Kerala are called
(A) monsoon rainfall (B) mango showers
(C) south-east monsoon rain (D) cyclonic rain.
Ans :
40. The main factor that determines the climate of India is
(A) the monsoon winds (B) the cyclones
(C) the deserts (D) the forests.
Ans :
41. One-horned Rhinoceros is found only in
(A) India and Tibet (B) India and Nepal
(C) India and China (D) India and Pakistan.
Ans :
42. People who practise the shifting cultivation, shift to some other place to practise
agriculture because
(A) they belong to nomads (B) they are troubled by wild animals
(C) monsoons destroyed their crops (D) of soil erosion and low yield.
Ans :
43. The largest producer of tea in India is
(A) Assam (B) West Bengal
(C) Meghalaya (D) Kashmir.
Ans :
9 85-E
VIII V-E-712130 [ Turn over
44. Jute is grown best in Gangetic delta because it has
(A) light sandy deltaic soil (B) black soil
(C) red soil (D) laterite soil.
Ans :
45. The mineral that is called as “wonder metal” is
(A) copper ore (B) iron ore
(C) bauxite ore (D) manganese ore.
Ans :
46. Lots of local protests were held against the Kaiga Nuclear Plant in Karnataka due to
(A) the destruction of the evergreen forests from radioactive gases
(B) loss of private property
(C) it may supply power to other states
(D) opposition against global investment.
Ans :
47. The raw material which was used for production of cement at first was
(A) sea shells (B) limestone
(C) gypsum (D) manganese ore.
Ans :
48. “Mumbai is called the Manchester of India” because it
(A) is the centre for many industries
(B) has the largest number of cotton mills
(C) has good transport and communication system
(D) is constructed on the model of Manchester.
Ans :
49. The place which is called “Java of India” is
(A) Gorakhpur (B) Hapur
(C) Mysore (D) Bangalore.
Ans :
50. The backbone of Indian economy is
(A) industries (B) transport and communication
(C) agriculture (D) telecommunication.
Ans :
51. The main objective behind the establishment of “Exim Bank” by the government is
(A) to guarantee for the organization which produces goods for exports
(B) to overcome the adverse balance of payment
(C) to curb inflation
(D) to reduce exports.
Ans :
52. Foreign trade of India was affected in 1947 due to
(A) return of the British to England
(B) loss of jute, cotton and wheat growing areas to Pakistan
(C) poor rainfall
(D) refugee problem.
Ans :
53. The first Chairman of Planning Commission of India was
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru (B) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(C) Dr. Radhakrishnan (D) Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
Ans :
54. The main objective of ‘Package programme’ was
(A) export promotion (B) agricultural development
(C) industrial development (D) to consolidate landholdings.
Ans :
11 85-E
VIII V-E-712130 [ Turn over
55. During the Third Five-Year Plan none of the sectors achieved what they were
expected to because of
(A) wars with China and Pakistan (B) lack of raw materials
(C) unscientific method of cultivation (D) shortage of foodgrains.
Ans :
56. The main characteristic of tidal forest is
(A) coarse grass (B) pendant roots
(C) deep roots (D) Kasavi plant.
Ans :
57. The satellite “Sputnik” was launched in the year 1957 to space by
(A) America (B) Russia
(C) France (D) China.
Ans :
58. International Labour Organization : Geneva :: Food and Agricultural Organization :
(A) Rome (B) Paris
(C) Holland (D) Washington.
Ans :
59. Marathas failed to check the rise of Hyder Ali to power because
(A) Maratha army was fighting against Dupleix
(B) Marathas were defeated in the third battle of Panipath
(C) Hyder Ali had made alliance with the Nizam
(D) Marathas did not get help from the British.
Ans :
60. As per the treaty of Srirangapattana, Tipu surrendered to the English
(A) half of his kingdom (B) three-fourth of his kingdom
(C) Rs. 330 crores (D) half of his army.
Ans :

PART – B
Answer the following questions in two sentences each : 6 × 2 = 12
61. What was the impact of Industrial Revolution on India ?
62. Briefly describe the Quit India Movement at Isur.
63. What was the condition of Karnataka before unification ?
64. What is the stand taken by India regarding nuclear power ?
65. Name any four mineral resources of India.
66. What is Internal Trade ? Where does it generally take place ?
Answer the following questions in three sentences each : 4 × 3 = 12
67. Write a short note on Simon Commission.
68. What steps have been taken by the government to eradicate poverty ?
69. What are the main objectives of multipurpose river valley projects ?
70. What are the benefits of regulated markets to farmers ?
Write the answers to the following questions in about eight sentences each : 3 × 4 = 12
71. Who was the founder of the Brahmo Samaj ? Mention its principles.
72. Write any eight achievements of UNO.
73. How are small-scale and cottage industries helpful for the economic development of India ?
74. Draw an outline map of India and mark the following on it : 1 + 3 = 4
a) Western Ghats
b) Thiruvananthapuram
c) Paradwip.
85-E 16
VIII V-E-712130
Alternative Question for Blind Candidates only : ( In lieu of Q. No. 74 ) 4
Which are the different types of roads in accordance with their construction and maintenance ?

Thursday, September 17, 2015

TN SSLC Question Papers - Old Questions and Question Bank

TN SSLC Question Papers - Old Questions and Question Bank
Are you looking for downloading old question papers of TN SSLC Exams? Download here under the previous years 2011, 2012, 2013 2014, 2015 and even more previous years papers. You can get a practice of these question papers by downloading important SSLC question papers, previous years SSLC question papers, old SSLC question papers, SSLC most important question papers, etc. Read more details below:

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2011 May Question Papers

1. TN SSLC English Paper I May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium May 2011 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2012 March Question Papers - coming soon

1. TN SSLC English Paper I March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium March 2012 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2013 March Question Papers

1. TN SSLC English Paper I March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium March 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2013 June Question Papers

1. TN SSLC English Paper I June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium June 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2013 September Question Papers

1. TN SSLC English Paper I September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium September 2013 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2014 March Question Papers - coming soon

1. TN SSLC English Paper I March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium March 2014 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2015 March Question Papers - coming soon

1. TN SSLC English Paper I March 2015 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II March 2015 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I March 2015 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II March 2015 Question Paper Download here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium March 2015 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium March 2015 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium March 2015 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Department of Govt Examinations Chennai SSLC Question Papers Download - 2015 March Question Papers - coming soon

1. TN SSLC English Paper I March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
2. TN SSLC English Paper II March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF Here
3. TN SSLC Tamil Paper I March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF here
4. TN SSLC Tamil Paper II March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF here
5. TN SSLC Mathematics English & Tamil Medium March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF here
6. TN SSLC Science English & Tamil Medium March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF here
7. TN SSLC Social Science English & Tamil Medium March 2016 Question Paper - Download PDF here

Monday, September 14, 2015

Download 2012 CBSE 10th and 12th class Question Papers

Download 2012 CBSE 10th and 12th class Question Papers
Looking for 2012 Old Question Papers of CBSE SSLC Exams? Get all question papers under one roof here. The subjects like Arabic, Assamese, BahasaMelayu, Bengali, Bhutla, Budo, Commerce, English, Tamil, Hindi, etc are listed below. Click on the corresponding links of the question papers to get a download of copy of question papers. 12th class Question Papers are provided as well.

2012 CBSE 10th class Question Papers:-

Arabic


Assamese


BahasaMelayu


Bengali


Bhutla


Bodo


Commerce 

English Communicative
English Language and Literature
Foundation of Information Tecnology


French 


German 


Gujarati


Hindi(Course A) 
Hindi(Course B) 
Home Science


Japanese


Kannada 


Lepcha 


Limboo 


Malayalam 


Manipuri 


Marathi 


Mathematics for Blind Candidates 


Mizo


Music Hindustani(Instrumental Melodic)


Music Hindustani(Instrumental Percussion)


Music Hindustani(Vocal)


Music Karnataka(Instrumental Melodic)


Music Karnataka(Instrumental Percussion)


Music Karnataka(Vocal)


Mathematics 
Nepali 


Odia 


Painting


Persian 


Portuguese 


Punjabi 


Russian 


Science 
Social Science
Spanish


Science for Blind Candidates


Sanskrit(Commu)

Sindhi( 


Tamil 


Telugu 


Tibetan 


Urdu(CourseA) 


Urdu (Course B)


Class XII

Accomodation Services


Accountancy
Accounting for Business


Advance food Preperation


Agriculture


Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration


Applied Physics


Arabic
SET1 


Assamese


Auto Engineering


Auto Shop Repair and Practice 


Bakery Science 


Beauty Therapy and Hair Derssing II


Basic concepts of Health & Disease and Medical Terminology


Basic Design(Common to Textile Design Weaving)
SET1 


Bengali


Bhutia


Biology
Biology for Blind Candidates


Biotechnology


Business Data Processing 


Business Process Outsourcing Skills 


Business Studies 
Cash Management and Housekeeping 


Chemistry 
Chemistry for Blind Candidates


Child Care Nursing


Classification and Cataloguing Paper II


Clinical Biochemistry Paper II


Clothing Construction PaperIII


Commercial Art History of Indian Art


Commmunity health nursing II


Computer Science


Computers and Life Insurance Administration Paper II
SET1 


Confectionery


Consumer Behaviour & Protection Paper III


Cosmetic Chemistry


Creative Writing and Translation Studies


Dance Bharatnatyam


Dance Kuchipudi 


Dance Mohiniyattam 


Dance Odissi


Dance Kathak


Designing and Pattern Making


DTP, CAD and Multimedia


Dyeing and Printing


Economics
Electrical Machines Paper II 


Electrical Appliances Paper III


Electronic Devices and Circuits


Elements of Cost Accounting and Auditing


Engineering Graphics


Engineering Science Paper I


English (Core)
English (Elective)

Entrepreneurship


Establishment & Management of Food Service Unit


Fabrication Technology-II


Fashion Studies


Financial Accounting Paper I


First Aid & Emergency Medical Care


Floriculture


Food and Beverage Services II


Food Preperation II Paper I


Food Science & Hygiene


Food and Beverage Cost & Control


Food Service II


Food Production


French


Functional English


Fundamentals of Nursing II


Geography
German


Graphics Design


Gujarati


Health Education Communication and Public Relations & Public Health


Heritage Crafts


Hindi (Core)
Hindi (Elective)

History
Home Science


India -The Tourist Destination


Information Practices


Introduction to Financial Markets-II


IT Systems


Kannada


Lending Operations Paper II


Laboratory Medicine Paper I


Lepcha


Library Administration and Management Paper I


Limboo


Malayalam


Management of Bank Office Paper III


Manipuri


Marathi


Marketing Paper I


Maternity & Child Health Nursing II


Mathematics
Meal Planning & Service


Mechanical Engineering


Microbiology


Midwifery


Mizo


Multimedia and Web Technology


Music Hindustani(Instrumental Melodic)


Music Hindustani(Instrumental Percussion)


Music Hindustani(Vocal)


Music Karnataka Instumental Percussion(Mridangam)


Music Karnataka(Vocal)


Nepali


Odia


Office Communication Paper III


Office Procedure and Practices


Ophthalmic Techniques (Vocational) Biology


Optics Paper II


Painting (History of Indian Art)


Persian


Philosophy


Physical Education


Physics
Political Science
Post Harvest Technology & Preservation Paper III


Primary Health Care and Health Centre management


Principles and Practices of Life Insurance Paper I


Psychology


Punjabi


Radiation Physics Paper I


Radio Engineering and Audio Systems Paper II


Radiography-II Paper II


Reference Service Paper III


Russian


Salesmanship PaperII


Sanskrit (Core)

Sanskrit (Elective)

Sculpture (History of indian art)


Secretarial Practice and Accounting Paper II


Shorthand (English)


Shorthand (Hindi)


Sindhi


Sociology


Spanish


Store Accounting Paper III


Vegetable Culture (Paper I)


Yoga, Anatomy and Physiology


Tamil


Tanggkhul


Television and Video Systems Paper III


Telugu


Textile Science Paper I


Tibetan


Tourism Management and Manpower Planning Paper III


Transportation Systems and Management


Travel Trade Management Paper II


Typography & Computer Applications (English)


Typography & Computer Applications (Hindi)


Understanding The Evolution And Forms of Mass Media


Urdu (Core)


Urdu (Elective)

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